Must be, might be, can't be : ki jan pou fè dediksyon an angle
Ki jan angle mezire degre sètitid yon dediksyon — de prèske sèten rive nan enposib — ak fòm pase yo ki fè moun bite.
Yon moun frape nan pòt la. Ou pa tann pesonn, sof sè ou.
- That must be my sister. — prèske sèten.
- That might be my sister. — posib.
- That can't be my sister — she's in Rome. — eskli.
Yon sèl sitiyasyon, twa nivo sètitid, e sèl bagay ki chanje a se vèb modal la. Se pa yon kesyon pèmisyon ni kapasite, men degre sètitid ou genyen. Kreyòl la fè menm jan ak dwe (Se sè m li dwe ye) ak kapab (Li pa ka sè m).
Echèl la
| Vèb modal | Sètitid | Egzanp |
|---|---|---|
| must | ~95 % — pa gen lòt eksplikasyon | You must be tired. |
| may / might / could | ~40 % — yon posibilite pami lòt | She might be at work. |
| can't | ~0 % — enposib | It can't be true. |
May, might ak could tèlman pwòch isit la ke ou ka konsidere yo kòm ranplasab pou dediksyon. Nan oral, might se pi souvan an.
De ekstrèm yo pa miwa youn pou lòt
Se pèlen prensipal la. Kontrè must be pa mustn't be.
- He must be at home. (sèten li lakay li.)
- He can't be at home. (sèten li pa lakay li.)
Mustn't egziste, men li vle di entèdiksyon —you mustn't smoke here— e li pa janm vle di « sèten se pa konsa ». Nan kreyòl, dwe sèvi pou dediksyon (Li dwe lakay li), kidonk moun ka tante di Li pa dwe lakay li pou yon dediksyon negatif, e sa mennen nan ❌ He mustn't be at home. Eseye nye yon dediksyon ak mustn't se youn nan erè ki pi tenas nan nivo B1.
Negasyon might be senp : might not be. She might not be home yet.
Dediksyon sou pase a
Ajoute have + patisip pase a. Vèb modal la menm pa chanje. Kreyòl la sèvi ak te dwe isit la (Lapli a te dwe tonbe) ak te ka (Li te ka rate tren an).
| Sou prezan | Sou pase |
|---|---|
| must be | must have been |
| might be | might have been |
| can't be | can't have been |
- The ground is wet. It must have rained.
- I don't know where she is — she might have missed the train.
- You can't have seen him yesterday; he was in hospital.
Nan oral, have redui prèske jouk li disparèt : must've, might've, can't've. Pou zòrèy la, sa sanble « must of » ; se poutèt sa òtograf komen an, ki toujou pa kòrèk.
Pa janm ekri « must of », « might of » ni « could of ». Yo egziste sèlman kòm yon move entèpretasyon pa zòrèy kontraksyon an. Mo a toujou have.
Dediksyon sou sa k ap pase kounye a
Sèvi ak be + -ing :
- She's not answering. She must be driving.
- He might be working late.
- They can't be sleeping — the lights are on.
Epi pou pase a : He must have been sleeping.
Nan konvèsasyon
Ki kote Tom ye ?
A: Tom's not answering his phone.
B: He must be on the train — there's no signal in the tunnel.
A: He can't be. He said he was leaving at six.
B: Then he might have missed it. Or he could have forgotten to charge his phone.
Kat dediksyon ak fòs diferan, e okenn mo tankou maybe oswa probably. Se vèb modal la ki fè tout travay la.
Teste sa ou konnen
Tès ki anba a konsène sitou pè can't / mustn't la ak fòm pase yo.