I cut my hair 和 I had my hair cut 描述的是完全不同的两天。这个结构要区分的正是这一点。
结构形式
have / get + 宾语 + 过去分词
I had my car serviced.
She got her passport renewed.
We're having the kitchen painted.
通常不点明具体是谁做的——这正是这个结构存在的意义。
为什么这很重要
I painted the house. (刷子是我自己拿的)
I had the house painted. (我付钱请别人拿的刷子)
在需要使役结构的地方用普通主动语态,等于把别人的工作说成是自己做的——在职场语境里,这已经不只是语法细节了。
Have 还是 get?
多数情况下两者可以互换。Get 语气更口语化一些,也常常暗示安排这件事费了一番周折。
I need to have these documents translated. (中性说法)
I finally got the boiler fixed. (折腾了好久之后)
各种时态下的用法
| 时态 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | I have my hair cut every month. |
| 一般过去时 | We had the roof repaired last year. |
| 现在完成时 | She has had her eyes tested. |
| 一般将来时 | I'll have it delivered. |
| 情态动词句 | You should have it checked. |
疑问句和否定句照常借助 do 构成——组合出来的 do you have… done 形式看起来陌生,但完全正确:
- Where do you have your hair cut?
- We didn't have the car serviced this year.
表示不愉快遭遇的用法
同一个结构也可以描述在毫无预料的情况下发生在你身上的坏事:
He had his wallet stolen.
They had their flight cancelled.
到底是哪种含义,由上下文决定:毕竟没有人会花钱请人偷自己的钱包。
have someone do 和 have something done
I had the plumber fix the leak. (点明是谁做的——用动词原形)
I had the leak fixed. (不点明是谁——用过去分词)
相关结构
有四个动词都用来表示「让别人去做某事」,区别在于强制的程度。
| 结构 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| have someone do | 吩咐,凭借身份或职权 | I had the assistant book it. |
| get someone to do | 说服(注意要带 to) | I got my brother to help me. |
| make someone do | 强迫 | They made us wait an hour. |
| let someone do | 允许 | She let me borrow the car. |
只有 get 后面需要 to;其余三个都直接接动词原形。
英语为什么需要这一整套结构——使役结构把「谁想要做」和「谁真正去做」区分开来。掌握了这种区分,就能精确描述整个职场生活:你如何安排任务、如何委派、如何服从,以及如何获得许可。
口语简化说法:need + -ing
口语中,人们常常用主动的 -ing 形式代替被动语态:
- The car needs washing. (= needs to be washed)
- These shirts need ironing.
客人来之前收拾房子
A: Is the boiler fixed?
B: I'm having it looked at on Thursday. I got the landlord to call someone finally.
A: And the window someone broke?
B: We had that replaced last week. The carpet still needs cleaning, though.
安排好的事、说服别人、不愉快的遭遇,还有口语化的 needs cleaning——四种用法全都出现在这一段对话里。
自测一下
下面的测验既考察结构形式,也考察不同含义之间的区别。