Fraz relatif ak konstriksyon patisipyal

Nan nivo C1, diferans ant yon angle kòrèk ak yon angle fliyid souvan nan dansite a : konbe enfòmasyon ou ka pann sou yon sèl non san ou pa kòmanse yon nouvo fraz.

Relatif ki presize ak relatif ki eksplike

Relatif ki presize — di kilès egzakteman. Pa gen vigil.

The report that we published in June has been withdrawn.

Retire l, e nou pa konnen ki rapò n ap pale de li ankò. Enfòmasyon an endispansab.

Relatif ki eksplike — ajoute yon detay. Vigil yo obligatwa.

The report, which we published in June, has been withdrawn.

Gen yon sèl rapò, fraz la sèlman ajoute yon detay. Vigil yo chanje sans lan, e se erè ponktiyasyon ki pi komen nan C1. Kreyòl la sèvi ak yon sèl mo, ki, pou tout relatif yo (frè m ki rete Bèlen an), kidonk se angle ki fòse ou chwazi who / which / that epi mete vigil yo oswa pa mete yo.

My brother who lives in Berlin is a doctor. (li gen plizyè frè)

My brother, who lives in Berlin, is a doctor. (li gen yon sèl frè)

Se poutèt sa de règ : that pa ka sèvi nan relatif ki eksplike yo, e relatif ki eksplike yo pa ka redwi.

Ki lè ou ka retire pwonon an

Nan yon relatif ki presize, si pwonon an se objè a, ou ka retire l. Kreyòl la fè menm bagay la (liv mwen kòmande a, san ki), kidonk ou deja alèz ak sa :

The book (that) I ordered hasn't arrived. ✅ (objè — ou ka retire l)

The book that arrived was damaged. ✅ (sijè — ou pa ka retire l)

Verifikasyon rapid : si yon non oswa yon pwonon vini touswit apre, se te objè a e ou ka omèt li. Nan kreyòl, sijè a toujou gen ki (liv ki rive a), kidonk règ la menm.

Prepozisyon yo

The colleague who I spoke to. (enfòmèl)

The colleague to whom I spoke. (fòmèl — prepozisyon an pase devan e li egzije whom)

Kreyòl la kite prepozisyon an nan fen ak yon pwonon (kolèg mwen te pale avè l la). An angle, prepozisyon an rete nan fen tou, men san pwonon repete a : ❌ The colleague who I spoke to him. Jamè to who. Si prepozisyon an pase devan, whom obligatwa.

Whose, where, when

• the company whose licence was revoked (posesyon — li mache pou bagay tou)
• the year when the policy changed = in which
• the point where the argument fails = at which

Kreyòl la di konpayi ki lisans li te revoke a, ak yon pwonon (li) ki repete. An angle, whose ranplase ni ki ni li : ❌ the company that its licence was revoked.

Where ak when retire nan relatif ki presize yo tankou that : the day (when) we met · the place (where) we stayed.

Which ki gen tout fraz la pou referans

Which eksplikatif la ka refere pa a yon sèl non, men a yon lide antye — yon bon pati nan kòmantè nivo C1 repoze sou konstriksyon sa a :

• He arrived an hour late, which didn't help.
• They cancelled without warning, which is exactly what I'd expected.

Sèlman which ka fè sa. ❌ He was late, what annoyed everyone. Erè a soti nan kreyòl sa ki (« Li rive reta, sa ki fè tout moun fache »), ki souvan tradui kòm what.

Kantite + of whom / of which

Ekriti fòmèl lye de enfòmasyon sou yon menm gwoup ak modèl sa a, olye yon nouvo fraz :

• We interviewed forty candidates, most of whom had no experience.
• The company runs six sites, two of which are due to close.
• She made several points, none of which were addressed.

Sèlman whom ak which mache isit la — jamè who ni that. Kreyòl la souvan sèvi ak yon nouvo fraz ak yon pwonon (pifò nan yo pa t gen eksperyans), kidonk ou ta ka ekri ❌ forty candidates, most of them had no experience (de fraz kole ak yon vigil).

Konstriksyon redwi (patisipyal)

Relatif ki presize ki nan fòm kontinyèl oswa pasif pèdi pwonon an ak oksilyè a :

The people who are waiting outside → the people waiting outside

The measures that were introduced last year → the measures introduced last year

Se egzakteman sa ki fè angle fòmèl la konpak konsa :

Applicants submitting incomplete forms will be contacted.

Funds allocated to the scheme remain unspent.

Kreyòl la pa gen patisip: li di moun k ap tann deyò a (ak ki ap) oswa lajan yo te bay pou pwojè a. Se poutèt sa fòm waiting ak allocated poukont yo, san pwonon ni oksilyè, nouvo pou ou.

Patisip nan kòmansman fraz

Menm fòm yo louvri fraz la, nan plas because, after oswa while :

Fòm	Ranplase	Egzanp
-ing	while / because	Working from home, I miss the office.
Having + patisip pase	after	Having finished the report, she left.
patisip pase pasif	because / when	Written in 1890, the book still sells.
Being + patisip pase	because	Being new, he asked a lot of questions.

Kreyòl la di sa ak yon fraz konplè (Apre l fin fè rapò a, li ale). An angle, konstriksyon sa yo komen nan ekriti swanye.

Pyèj : patisip la dwe rapòte a non ki bò kote l la.

❌ Having reviewed the data, the conclusion was obvious. (konklizyon an pa t revize anyen) ✅ Having reviewed the data, we found the conclusion obvious.

Poukisa se papòt nivo C1 la — kote yon moun ki ekri nan B2 pwodui twa fraz kout, yon moun ki ekri nan C1 pwodui yon sèl. Enfòmasyon an menm ; diferans lan se si lektè a dwe rekonstitye l li menm. Chak fraz ki ka pann sou yon non se yon fraz ou pa bezwen kòmanse.

Konpare menm kontni an nan de dansite :

Twa fraz	Yon sèl
We published a report in June. It recommended six changes. Two of them have been adopted.	The report we published in June made six recommendations, two of which have been adopted.

Teste sa ou fèk li a

Tès ki anba a konsène vigil yo, pwonon ki omèt yo, prepozisyon ki pase devan yo ak redaksyon an.