Countable र Uncountable: Some, Any, Much, Many
कुन संज्ञा गन्न सकिन्छ, कुन सकिँदैन, र हरेकसँग आउने मात्राका शब्द — साथै some र any का लागि प्रश्न-नकारात्मकको नियम।
अंग्रेजीले संज्ञालाई दुई समूहमा बाँड्छ, र यही समूहले तपाईंले कुन मात्राका शब्द प्रयोग गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ भन्ने तय गर्छ। यसमा गल्ती गर्नु A2 तहका सबैभन्दा स्पष्ट सुनिने गल्तीमध्ये एक हो।
Countable र Uncountable
Countable — तपाईं यिनलाई गन्न सक्नुहुन्छ, र यिनको बहुवचन हुन्छ: a book / two books · an apple / three apples · a chair / chairs
Uncountable — बहुवचन छैन, a/an छैन: water, bread, rice, money, time, music, information, advice, luggage, work, homework, furniture
❌ I need an information. → ✅ I need some information. ❌ She gave me three advices. → ✅ She gave me some advice.
समूह अंग्रेजी शब्दबारेको तथ्य हो, संसारबारे होइन। Advice र furniture पूर्ण रूपमा गन्न सकिने अवधारणा हुन् — अंग्रेजीले यिनलाई गन्न इन्कार मात्र गर्छ। यसमा तर्कले पुग्न सकिने कुनै तर्क छैन; यिनलाई सूचीका रूपमा सिक्नुपर्छ। नेपालीमा 'जानकारीहरू', 'सल्लाहहरू' भन्न मिल्छ, त्यसैले informations, advices जस्ता चूक सामान्य छन्।
कुनै uncountable संज्ञालाई कसरी गन्ने
यसअघि एउटा एकाइ राख्नुहोस्। अंग्रेजीले यो बन्देजलाई यसरी नै छल्छ। नेपालीमा पनि 'एक गिलास पानी', 'एक टुक्रा रोटी' भनिन्छ, त्यसैले यो विचार परिचित छ:
| एकाइ | उदाहरण |
|---|---|
| a piece of | a piece of advice / information / furniture |
| a bit of | a bit of luck / work |
| a slice / loaf of | a slice of bread |
| a bottle / glass of | a glass of water |
| a bar of | a bar of chocolate |
| an item of | an item of clothing / luggage |
केही संज्ञा दुवै हुन् — फरक अर्थसहित
| Uncountable | Countable |
|---|---|
| I don't drink coffee. (सामग्री) | Two coffees, please. (दुई कप) |
| She has long hair. (समग्र रूपमा) | There are hairs in my soup. (अलग-अलग धागा) |
| I need paper. (सामग्री) | I bought a paper. (एउटा अखबार) |
| We don't have time. (सामान्य रूपमा) | I've been there three times. (मौका) |
| He has experience. (सीप) | It was a strange experience. (एउटा घटना) |
How much / How many
- How many + countable: How many eggs do we need?
- How much + uncountable: How much milk is left?
Some र Any
सकारात्मक वाक्यमा Some। प्रश्न र नकारात्मक वाक्यमा Any।
- I have some money.
- Do you have any money?
- I don't have any money.
अपवाद: कुनै प्रश्नमा some प्रयोग गर्नुहोस् जब तपाईं प्रस्ताव वा अनुरोध गर्दै हुनुहुन्छ, किनकि तपाईं हो भन्ने जवाफको अपेक्षा गर्नुहुन्छ:
- Would you like some coffee? (प्रस्ताव)
- Could I have some water? (अनुरोध)
A lot of, Much, Many
A lot of दुवैसँग काम गर्छ र सबैतिर स्वाभाविक सुनिन्छ:
a lot of books · a lot of time
एक्लै Much र many धेरैजसो प्रश्न र नकारात्मक वाक्यका लागि हुन्:
I don't have much time. · Were there many people?
सकारात्मक वाक्यमा, much कडा सुनिन्छ: much time भन्दा a lot of time राम्रो। औपचारिक लेखनमा यो फेरि ठीक छ — much of the report deals with…
A few र A little
- a few + countable: a few friends
- a little + uncountable: a little sugar
a हटाउँदा अर्थ नकारात्मक हुन्छ: few friends को अर्थ लगभग कोही छैनन् भन्ने हो।
पूरा दायरा
| मात्रा | Countable | Uncountable |
|---|---|---|
| केही होइन | no books / not any books | no time |
| लगभग केही होइन | few books, hardly any books | little time, hardly any time |
| सानो मात्रा | a few books | a little time |
| मध्यम मात्रा | several books | some time |
| ठूलो मात्रा | many books, plenty of books | much time, plenty of time |
| धेरै बढी | too many books | too much time |
Too many र too much को अर्थ तपाईंले चाहेभन्दा बढी — केवल "धेरै" होइन। There were too many people गुनासो हो।
दुई जनाका लागि अर्डर गर्ने
A: Could I have some water and a few napkins?
B: Of course. Anything to eat?
A: How many pastries are left? We don't have much time.
B: Only a few, I'm afraid. There's plenty of bread, though.
Water, time र bread uncountable हुन्; napkins र pastries countable हुन् — र हरेक मात्राको शब्द आफ्नो समूहसँग मिल्छ।
आफैँ परीक्षा गर्नुहोस्
तलको क्विजले जोडा र some/any को नियम परीक्षण गर्छ।