Relative र Participle Clauses: एउटै वाक्यमा धेरै कुरा अटाउने

C1 स्तरमा सक्षम र fluent अंग्रेजीबीचको फरक प्रायः सघनता हो: नयाँ वाक्य सुरु नगरी तपाईं एउटा noun मा कति कुरा जोड्न सक्नुहुन्छ।

Defining र non-defining

Defining — कुन भन्ने बताउँछ। कुनै comma हुँदैन।

The report that we published in June has been withdrawn.

यसलाई हटाउनुहोस्, अनि कुन report भन्ने थाहा हुँदैन। यो जानकारी अनिवार्य छ।

Non-defining — थप विवरण जोड्छ। Comma अनिवार्य हुन्छ।

The report, which we published in June, has been withdrawn.

Report एउटै मात्र छ; clause ले एउटा तथ्य मात्र थप्छ। Comma ले अर्थ बदल्छ, र यो C1 को सबैभन्दा आम punctuation गल्ती हो। नेपालीमा यस्तो भिन्नता comma ले देखाइँदैन: वर्णन गर्ने भाग नामभन्दा अघि आउँछ (“बर्लिनमा बस्ने मेरो दाइ”), र दाइ एउटै हुनुहुन्छ कि धेरै भन्ने सन्दर्भले बताउँछ। अंग्रेजीमा यो काम comma ले गर्छ।

My brother who lives in Berlin is a doctor. (मेरा धेरै दाजुभाइ छन्।)

My brother, who lives in Berlin, is a doctor. (मेरो एउटै दाजुभाइ छ।)

यसबाट दुई नियम निस्कन्छन्: that non-defining clauses मा प्रयोग हुन सक्दैन, र non-defining clauses कहिल्यै reduce गर्न सकिँदैन।

Pronoun छोड्ने

Defining clause मा pronoun object हो भने तपाईं यसलाई छोड्न सक्नुहुन्छ:

The book (that) I ordered hasn't arrived. ✅ (object — छोड्न सकिन्छ)

The book that arrived was damaged. ✅ (subject — छोड्न सकिँदैन)

छिटो जाँच: pronoun को तुरुन्तै पछि कुनै noun वा pronoun आउँछ भने त्यो object थियो, र तपाईं यसलाई छोड्न सक्नुहुन्छ।

Prepositions

The colleague who I spoke to. (अनौपचारिक)

The colleague to whom I spoke. (औपचारिक — preposition अगाडि सर्छ र whom अनिवार्य बनाउँछ)

to who कहिल्यै होइन। Preposition एक पटक अगाडि आएपछि whom अनिवार्य हुन्छ।

Whose, where, when

• the company whose licence was revoked (स्वामित्व — वस्तुका लागि पनि चल्छ)
• the year when the policy changed = in which
• the point where the argument fails = at which

that जस्तै, where र when पनि defining clauses मा छोड्न सकिन्छ: the day (when) we met · the place (where) we stayed।

पूरै clause का लागि which

Non-defining which ले कुनै एउटा noun लाई होइन, पूरै विचारलाई फर्केर इङ्गित गर्न सक्छ — C1 स्तरका धेरै टिप्पणी यही संरचनाले बोक्छन्:

• He arrived an hour late, which didn't help.
• They cancelled without warning, which is exactly what I'd expected.

ध्यान दिनुहोस्, यो काम which ले मात्र गर्छ। ❌ He was late, what annoyed everyone.

Quantifier + of whom / of which

औपचारिक लेखनले नयाँ वाक्य सुरु गर्नुको सट्टा यो ढाँचाले एउटै समूहबारे दुई तथ्य जोड्छ:

• We interviewed forty candidates, most of whom had no experience.
• The company runs six sites, two of which are due to close.
• She made several points, none of which were addressed.

यहाँ whom र which मात्र चल्छन् — who वा that कहिल्यै होइन।

Reduced (participle) clauses

Continuous वा passive क्रिया भएका defining clauses ले pronoun र auxiliary दुवै गुमाउन सक्छन्। नेपालीमा -एको र -इरहेको रूपले यही काम नामभन्दा अघि गर्छन् (“हिजो पठाइएका कागजात”, “बाहिर पर्खिरहेका मानिस”); अंग्रेजीमा participle नामपछि आउँछ:

The people who are waiting outside → the people waiting outside

The measures that were introduced last year → the measures introduced last year

यही कुराले औपचारिक अंग्रेजी लाई यति छोटो र कसिलो बनाउँछ:

Applicants submitting incomplete forms will be contacted.

Funds allocated to the scheme remain unspent.

वाक्यको सुरुमा participles

उही रूपले वाक्य सुरु गर्छन्, र because, after वा while को ठाउँ लिन्छन्:

रूप	केको ठाउँ लिन्छ	उदाहरण
-ing	while / because	Working from home, I miss the office.
Having + participle	after	Having finished the report, she left.
passive participle	because / when	Written in 1890, the book still sells.
Being + participle	because	Being new, he asked a lot of questions.

जाल: participle आफू छेउमा बसेको noun कै हुनुपर्छ।

❌ Having reviewed the data, the conclusion was obvious. (निष्कर्षले केही review गरेन) ✅ Having reviewed the data, we found the conclusion obvious.

यो किन C1 को सीमा हो — B2 स्तरको लेखकले जहाँ तीनवटा छोटा वाक्य लेख्छ, त्यहाँ C1 स्तरको लेखकले एउटा लेख्छ। जानकारी उही हो; फरक यति हो कि पाठकले त्यसलाई फेरि आफैँ जोड्नुपर्छ कि पर्दैन। तपाईंले कुनै noun मा जोड्न सक्ने हरेक clause एउटा वाक्य हो, जुन तपाईंले सुरु गर्नुपर्दैन।

एउटै सामग्रीलाई दुवै सघनतामा हेर्नुहोस्:

तीन वाक्य	एउटा
We published a report in June. It recommended six changes. Two of them have been adopted.	The report we published in June made six recommendations, two of which have been adopted.

आफैँ अभ्यास गर्नुहोस्

तलको क्विजले commas, छोड्न सकिने pronouns, अगाडि सारिएका prepositions र reduction समेट्छ।