Reported Speech: कसैले भनेको कुरा सुनाउने

कसैले भनेको कुरा तपाईं अरू कसैलाई सुनाउँदा अंग्रेजीले प्रायः क्रियालाई भूतकालमा अझ एक कदम पछाडि सार्छ। यसलाई backshift भनिन्छ, र यो B1 स्तरका सबैभन्दा काम लाग्ने ढाँचामध्ये एक हो: परीक्षा, इमेल र दैनिक कुराकानी दोहोर्‍याउँदा यो बारम्बार आउँछ। नेपालीमा अरूको कुरा सुनाउँदा मूल वाक्यको काल प्रायः जस्ताको तस्तै रहन्छ (“उहाँले म थाकेको छु भन्नुभयो”), त्यसैले She said she is tired स्वाभाविक लाग्छ। अंग्रेजीमा भने भूतकालको reporting क्रियापछि काल सामान्यतया एक कदम पछाडि जान्छ।

आधारभूत परिवर्तन

"I am tired," she said. → She said she was tired.

"We finished it," he said. → He said they had finished it.

सिधा कुरा	Reported
present simple	past simple
present continuous	past continuous
past simple	past perfect
present perfect	past perfect
will	would
can	could
must / have to	had to
may	might

Past perfect फेरि पछाडि सर्दैन — अंग्रेजीमा जति पछाडि जान सकिन्छ, यो पहिल्यै त्यहीँ छ। could, should, might, would र ought to पनि सर्दैनन्: यिनको अर्को पुरानो रूप छैन, त्यसैले यिनी जस्ताको तस्तै रहन्छन्।

"You should call him." → She said I should call him.

अरू के बदलिन्छ

बोल्ने व्यक्तिको "यहाँ" र "अहिले" लाई इङ्गित गर्ने शब्दहरू पनि सर्नुपर्छ:

• I / my → he / his, she / her
• here → there
• this → that
• today → that day; tomorrow → the next day; yesterday → the day before
• now → then

"I'll call you tomorrow," he said. → He said he would call me the next day.

कहिले backshift गरिँदैन

कुरा अझै पनि सत्य छ भने backshift ऐच्छिक हुन्छ र प्रायः छोडिन्छ:

"Water boils at 100°C." → She said water boils at 100°C. ✅

"I live in Prague." → He said he lives in Prague. ✅ (उनी अझै त्यहीँ बस्छन्)

Reporting क्रिया वर्तमान कालमा छ भने (says, tells me), केही पनि सर्दैन:

He says he is busy.

Backshift ले वास्तवमा के संकेत गर्छ — समय होइन, दूरी। पछाडि सार्दा चुपचाप देखिन्छ कि यी शब्द अरू कसैका हुन्, तपाईंको आफ्नै दाबी होइन; वर्तमान काल राख्दा तपाईं पनि त्यसलाई सही मान्दै हुनुहुन्छ भन्ने संकेत जान्छ।

Reported प्रश्न

दुई कुरा बदलिन्छन्: शब्दक्रम सामान्य वाक्यजस्तै हुन्छ, र do/does/did हराउँछ।

"Where do you live?" → She asked where I lived. ("where did I live" होइन)

"Are you coming?" → He asked whether/if I was coming.

Yes/no प्रश्नलाई if वा whether चाहिन्छ। प्रश्नचिह्न लाग्दैन।

Reported अनुरोध र आदेश

to + क्रिया प्रयोग गर्नुहोस्:

"Please wait." → She asked me to wait.

"Don't touch it." → He told me not to touch it.

Say र Tell

Tell लाई एउटा व्यक्ति चाहिन्छ; say लाई चाहिँदैन। नेपालीको “भन्नु” ले दुवैको काम गर्छ (“मलाई भन्नुभयो”, “भन्नुभयो”), त्यसैले said me जस्तो गल्ती सजिलै आउँछ।

❌ He said me he was late. ✅ He told me he was late. / He said he was late.

That शब्द दुवैपछि ऐच्छिक हुन्छ: He said (that) he was late. यसलाई छोड्दा बढी बोलचालजस्तो सुनिन्छ।

अझ राम्रा reporting क्रियाहरू

Say र tell जताततै चल्छन्, तर सटीक क्रियाले शब्दहरूको विषयवस्तु मात्र होइन, तिनको उद्देश्य पनि बताउँछ — र यही कुराले लिखित सारांशलाई पढ्न लायक बनाउँछ।

क्रिया	ढाँचा	उदाहरण
explain	that…	She explained that the system was down.
admit	-ing / that…	He admitted making a mistake.
suggest	-ing / that…	She suggested waiting a week.
offer	to + क्रिया	He offered to help.
refuse	to + क्रिया	She refused to sign.
promise	to + क्रिया	They promised to call back.
warn	कसैलाई (not) to…	He warned us not to be late.
complain	that…	She complained that it was too slow.
deny	-ing	He denied seeing the email.

He said he wouldn't sign it लाई He refused to sign it सँग तुलना गर्नुहोस् — दोस्रो छोटो पनि छ र बढी कुरा पनि भन्छ।

कसैको सन्देश पुर्‍याउने

A: Did you speak to Dana?

B: I did. She said the report wasn't ready and asked if we could move the meeting.

A: Did she say when she'd have it?

B: She promised to send it by Thursday, but she warned me not to count on the morning.

पूरै backshift, उल्टो क्रमबिनाको एउटा reported प्रश्न, र पूरा-पूरा वाक्यको काम गर्ने दुईवटा सटीक reporting क्रिया।

आफैँ अभ्यास गर्नुहोस्

तलको क्विजले backshift, reported प्रश्न र say र tell को फरक समेट्छ।