Adousisman ak konstriksyon enpèsonèl yo

Nan nivo C2, sa ou metrize an dènye a se pa yon tan vèb, men yon pozisyon : kapasite di yon bagay pandan w ap kontwole avèk presizyon ki degre responsabilite ou pran.

Konstriksyon enpèsonèl ki louvri yon fraz

Olye pou l di ki moun ki panse kisa, angle ka « kenbe nan lè » afimasyon an :

It is widely believed that the policy failed.

It has been suggested that the figures were revised.

The policy is thought to have failed.

Dènye modèl sa a — sijè + vèb pasif + enfinitif — merite pou ou pratike l apa :

Fòm aktif	Fòm enpèsonèl
People say he resigned.	He is said to have resigned.
Experts expect prices to fall.	Prices are expected to fall.
They believe the site is ancient.	The site is believed to be ancient.

Remake de enfinitif yo : to + vèb pou prezan ak lavni, to have + patisip pase pou sa ki te pase anvan.

Kreyòl la gen yon fason ki sanble : yo san okenn sijè presi (Yo di li demisyone, Yo konnen sistèm nan ap tonbe). Men angle pa sèvi ak they konsa. Li pase pa is said to have, is reported to have oswa allegedly.

There + vèb ki adousi

There appears to be a discrepancy.

There would seem to be grounds for review.

Would seem se yon doub adousisman : li pi dou pase seems, e li san okenn dout fòmèl.

Nominalizasyon

Lè ou chanje vèb yo an non, ou wete ajan an nèt :

We decided to cancel it. → The decision to cancel was taken.

They failed to report it. → There was a failure to report.

Se egzakteman jan sa a angle enstitisyonèl evite montre moun ki responsab. Li l ak je kritik : mistakes were made pa non pesonn. Lang administratif la an kreyòl fonksyone menm jan an, ak yo san sijè : Yo te pran yon desizyon, Yo fè erè.

Anpile modalite

Vèb modal yo konbine ak advèb epi yo bay nuans fin delika :

This may indicate a problem. (posibilite)

This would appear to indicate a problem. (pridan, fòmèl)

This might arguably indicate a problem. (trè adousi)

This clearly indicates a problem. (ak sètitid)

Vokabilè adousisman an

Gramè a se mwatye sijè a sèlman. Lòt mwatye a se yon ansanb mo ki bese degre nenpòt afimasyon :

Kalite	Mo	Egzanp
vèb	tend to, appear to, suggest, indicate	The data tend to support this.
advèb	apparently, arguably, broadly, largely	This is largely consistent.
kantite	somewhat, to some extent, in part	Results improved somewhat.
frekans	generally, in most cases, typically	Users generally prefer the older layout.

Fè atansyon espesyalman ak tend to : li chanje yon afimasyon absoli an yon tandans, e an jeneral, yon tandans se egzakteman sa done yo pèmèt ou afime.

E kontrè a : mo ki ranfòse

Adousisman yo gen sans sèlman si ou konnen tou ki jan pou ou pran responsabilite ou. Mo ki ranfòse yo se sa ou depanse lè ou fin merite dwa sa a :

Adousi	Net	Ranfòse
may suggest	suggests	demonstrates
appears to be	is	is unquestionably
arguably the best	one of the best	by far the best

Site sous la olye pou adousi

Souvan li pi onèt pou pa adousi afimasyon an, men pou di ki moun ki di l :

According to the 2025 audit, the figures were revised.

Whittaker argues that the effect is overstated.

The report characterises the delay as unavoidable. (nou pase fòmilasyon li a san nou pa sipòte l)

Konsa ou ka afime yon bagay klèman, pandan w ap montre byen klè ke sous la se pa ou — se yon solisyon ki pi pwòp pase pou ou anpile vèb modal.

Konsesyon an avans

Envèsyon ak konsesyon an avans ajoute fòmalite epi yo kontwole anfaz la :

Should further evidence emerge, the case will be reopened. (= if it emerges ; an kreyòl, « si nouvo prèv ta parèt »)

Were the scheme to proceed, costs would rise. (= if it were to proceed)

However compelling the argument, the deadline stands.

Pwopozisyon kondisyonèl sa yo san if se nòm nan nan tèks jiridik ak inivèsitè yo, e prèske pesonn pa montre yo klèman.

Menm gramè a nan yon imèl pwofesyonèl

Se pa sèlman nan tèks inivèsitè ou bezwen adousi — se sa menm ki pèmèt dezakò pwofesyonèl la siviv :

Dirèk	Adousi	Efè
This won't work.	I'm not sure this would work in practice.	objeksyon an rete, vèdik la disparèt
You forgot the appendix.	I think the appendix may have been left out.	ou di sa ki pase a, ou pa di ki moun ki fè l
That's wrong.	My understanding was slightly different.	sa kite ou yon ti mach pou ou ka twonpe w

Ki jan pou itilize tout sa

Adousisman pwoteje yon afimasyon ou pa ka sipòte nèt. Twòp adousisman detwi l :

It could be argued that there may possibly be some grounds for suggesting a potential issue.

Sis adousisman e pa gen okenn afimasyon. Adousi pati ki pa sèten an, epi di rès la dirèkteman.

Adousisman se yon deklarasyon sou prèv yo, se pa sou politès. Chak adousisman dwe make yon pwen egzak kote done ou yo fini. Si ou gaye yo egal-egal nan tout paragraf la, li li tankou chape kò oswa timidite — e yon lektè ki pa konprann de ki pati w ap reponn p ap kwè anyen.

Teste sa ou fèk li a

Nan tès ki anba a, w ap gen pou chanje konstriksyon yo epi evalye fòs chak varyant.